Daighi tongiong pingim

Daighi tongiong pingim
Daī-ghî tōng-iōng pīng-im
Daītōng
Type Latin alphabet (modified)
Spoken languages

Southern Min

Amoy
Taiwanese
Time period 1998–present
Note: This page may contain special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.
Chinese romanization
Mandarin
for Standard Chinese
    Hanyu Pinyin (ISO standard)
    EFEO
    Gwoyeu Romatzyh
        Spelling conventions
    Latinxua Sin Wenz
    Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II
    Chinese Postal Map Romanization
    Tongyong Pinyin
    Wade–Giles
    Yale
    Legge romanization
    Simplified Wade
    Comparison chart
for Sichuanese Mandarin
    Sichuanese Pinyin
    Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz
Yue
for Cantonese
    Guangdong Romanization
    Hong Kong Government
    Jyutping
    Meyer-Wempe
    Sidney Lau
    S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)
    S. L. Wong (romanisation)
    Cantonese Pinyin
    Standard Romanization
    Yale
    Barnett–Chao
Wu
for Shanghai and Suzhou dialects
    Long-short
for Wenzhounese

    Wenzhounese romanisation

Min Nan
for Taiwanese, Amoy, and related
    Pe̍h-ōe-jī
    Bbínpīn Hōngàn
    Daighi tongiong pingim
    Modern Literal Taiwanese
    Phofsit Daibuun
    Tâi-lô
    TLPA
for Hainanese
    Hainanhua Pinyin Fang'an
for Teochew
    Peng'im
Min Dong
for Fuzhou dialect
    Foochow Romanized
Hakka
for Moiyan dialect
    Kejiahua Pinyin Fang'an
For Siyen dialect
    Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
    TLPA
Gan
for Nanchang dialect
    Pha̍k-oa-chhi
See also:
   General Chinese
   Cyrillization
   Xiao'erjing
   'Phags-pa script
   Bopomofo
   Taiwanese kana
   Romanisation in Singapore
   Romanisation in the ROC
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Daī-ghî tōng-iōng pīng-im (abbr: DT; English: Taiwanese phonetic transcription system; Chinese: 臺語通用拼音; GDT: Daighix tongiong pingimv) is an orthography in the Latin alphabet for Taiwanese Hokkien based upon Tongyong Pinyin. Up to the present, DT is one kind of orthographies for the Taiwanese language in general. It is able to use the Latin alphabet to indicate the proper variation of pitch with nine diacritic symbols.[1]

Contents

Current system

Alphabet

The DT alphabet adopts the Latin alphabet of 26 letters, 4 digraphs, and 9 diacritics to express the basic sounds of Taiwanese:

DT capital letter
A B Bh C D E F G Gh H I J K L M
N Ng O Or P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
DT lower case
a b bh c d e f g gh h i j k l m
n ng o or p q r s t u v w x y z

DT in its present form has 17 initials, 18 finals and 8 tones.

Tone number

Taiwanese is a tonal language, so the pitch (tone) of a spoken word affects its meaning, same as the written words. However, in non-tonal languages, a word's pitch constantly conveys emotion but often does not influence its meaning.[2] In Taiwanese, which has nine tones and two extra tones, neutral tone and nasal vowel.

DT tone number
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th Neutral Nasal
a à â ā(ptkh) ă ä ā a(ptkh) á å/aj aⁿ/ann

Phonology

Map of Taiwan
Consonants[3]
    Dental Alveolo-palatal Bilabial Alveolar Velar Glottal
Stop voiceless unaspiration     b d g -h/ ' ([ʔ])
aspiration     p t k  
voiced unaspiration     bh   gh  
Affricate voiceless unaspiration z zi        
aspiration c ci        
voiced unaspiration   r        
Fricative voiceless unaspiration s si        
aspiration           h
Nasal voiced unaspiration     m/nn n ng/nn  
Lateral voiced unaspiration       l    
Vowels[4]
  Front Central Back
Close i   u
Close-mid e   or(2)
Mid   or(1)  
Open-mid     o
Open a    

Tone definition

Tone marks

Tones are expressed by diacritics; checked syllables (i.e. those ending with glottal stops) are followed by the letter h. Where diacritics are not technically available, e.g. on some parts of the internet, tone alphabet may be used instead.

  1. a (1st tone; yinping)
  2. à (2nd tone; yingshang)
  3. â (3rd tone; yinqu)
  4. ā(ptkh) (4th tone; yinru)
  5. ă (5th tone; yangping)
  6. ä (6th tone; yangshang)
  7. ā (7th tone; yangqu)
  8. a(ptkh) (8th tone; yangru)
  9. á (9th tone; high rising)
  10. å(aj) (neutral tone)
  11. aⁿ(ann) (nasal vowel)

Examples for these tones: ciūⁿ (elephant), bâ (leopard), bhè (horse), di (pig), zŭa (snake), āh (duck), lok (deer). And, a neutral tone, sometimes indicated by å(aj) in DT, has no specific contour; its pitch always depends on the tones of the preceding syllables. Taiwanese speakers refer to this tone as the "light tone" (Chinese: 輕聲).

Tone sandhi

Schema of the tone sandhi rules in Taiwanese.

Tone sandhi or chain shift by circulation, as the tones are encoded by appending and modifying spellings with attention to the rules of the DT system. The basic tone has no modification and tone mark. Generally speaking, the basic tone means the 7th tone (mid even tone; yangqu).[5][6]

Word structure

A DT word, like an English word, can be formed by only one syllable or several syllables, with the two syllables being the general typicality. Each syllable in DT follows among one of the six underlying patterns:[6]

  1. (Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head: interface tone/vowel) + (mid: vowel) + tone number)
  2. (Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head/mid: vowel) + tone number)
  3. (Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head: interface tone/vowel) + (mid: vowel) + tone number + (tail: postfix consonant))
  4. (Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head: interface tone/vowel) + (mid: vowel) + tone number + (tail: rear nasal vowel))
  5. (Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head/mid: vowel) + tone number + (tail: postfix consonant))
  6. (Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head/mid: vowel) + tone number + (tail: rear nasal vowel))
Basic word structure
Syllable onset
(prefix consonant)
Tone number
Syllable rime
Interface tone/vowel postfix tone(vowel + postfix consonant) + rear nasal vowel
Head mid tail

Initials

bh, z, c, gh, h, r, g, k, l, m, n, ng, b, p, s, d, t

Note that unlike their typical interpretation in modern English language, bh and gh are voiced and unaspirated, whereas b, g, and d are plain unvoiced. p, k, and t are unvoiced and aspirated, corresponding closer to b, g, and d in English. This choice of notation may be attributed to the European origin of the first scholars to promote romanization. It is consistent with the use of h's in the Legge romanization and the use of the diacritic ⟨ʰ⟩ in the International Phonetic Alphabet to signal consonantal aspiration.

Finals

The nasals m, n, and ng can be appended to any of the vowels and some of the diphthongs. In addition, m and ng can function as independent syllables by themselves.

The stops h, g, b and d can appear as the last letter in a syllable, in which case they are pronounced as unreleased stops. (The final h in DT stands for a glottal stop.)

Delimiting symbols

All syllables in each word are normally separated by the dash (-) mark. Generally, syllables follow after the dash which must undergo tone sandhi.

Syllabary

The DT syllabary is a set of written symbols from DT letters as represent syllables, which make up Taiwanese words. A DT symbol in a syllabary typically represents an optional consonant sound followed by a vowel sound.[5]

Consonants and vowels syllabary

Consonants(right)
-------------------------
Vowels(down)
b p bh m d t l n g k gh ng z c s r h zero
consonant
a ba pa bha ma da ta la na ga ka gha nga za ca sa ra ha a
e be pe bhe me de te le ne ge ke ghe nge ze ce se re he e
i bi pi bhi mi di ti li ni gi ki ghi ngi zi ci si ri hi i
o bo po bho mo do to lo no go ko gho ngo zo co so ro ho o
u bu pu bhu mu du tu lu nu gu ku ghu ngu zu cu su ru hu u
or bor por bhor mor dor tor lor nor gor kor ghor ngor zor cor sor ror hor or

DT examples

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

DT English
Lēn-hâ-gōk sê-gāi rīn-kūan sūan-ghěn

Dê 1 diău

Lāng-lăng seⁿ-låi zû-iŭ, zāi zūn-ghiăm gāh kuăn-lī siòng it-lip bīng-dìng. In hù-iù li-sîng gāh liōng-sim, lî-ciaⁿ ìng-gai i hiānn-dī gūan-hē ē zīng-sĭn hō-siōng dùi-dāi.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Article 1

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Greeting of Voyager Golden Record

DT English Audio file:
Voyager Golden Record
Tài-kong bīng-iù, lin hòr! Lin ziâ-bà bhē! Û-ĭng, dôr-lăi ghun-zia zē òr. Friends of space, how are you all! Have you eaten yet? Drop in on us if you have time. Taiwanese(Amoy; Min nan; Formosan) sound record of voyager 1

Comparison of orthographies

The different orthographies are compared as the following table.

Vowels
IPA a ap at ak ã ɔ ɔk ɔ̃ ə o e i ɪɛn
Pe̍h-ōe-jī a ap at ak ah aⁿ ok oⁿ o o e eⁿ i ian eng
Revised TLPA a ap at ak ah aN oo ok ooN o o e eN i ian ing
TLPA a ap at ak ah ann oo ok oonn o o e enn i ian ing
BP a ap at ak ah na oo ok noo o o e ne i ian ing
MLT a ab/ap ad/at ag/ak aq/ah va o og/ok vo ø ø e ve i ien eng
DT a āp/ap āt/at āk/ak āh/ah ann/aⁿ o ok onn/oⁿ or or e enn/eⁿ i ian/en ing
Taiwanese kana アア アア オオ オオ オオ ヲヲ エエ エエ イイ
Extended bopomofo ㄚㆴ ㄚㆵ ㄚㆶ ㄚㆷ ㆦㆶ ㄧㄢ ㄧㄥ
Tâi-lô a ap at ak ah ann oo͘ ok onn o o e enn i ian ing
Example (traditional Chinese)













Example (simplified Chinese)













Vowels
IPA ɪk ĩ ai au am ɔm ɔŋ ŋ̍ u ua ue uai uan ɨ (i)ũ
Pe̍h-ōe-jī ek iⁿ ai aiⁿ au am om m ong ng u oa oe oai oan i (i)uⁿ
Revised TLPA ik iN ai aiN au am om m ong ng u ua ue uai uan ir (i)uN
TLPA ik inn ai ainn au am om m ong ng u ua ue uai uan ir (i)unn
BP ik ni ai nai au am om m ong ng u ua ue uai uan i n(i)u
MLT eg/ek vi ai vai au am om m ong ng u oa oe oai oan i v(i)u
DT ik inn/iⁿ ai ainn/aiⁿ au am om m ong ng u ua ue uai uan i (i)unn/uⁿ
Taiwanese kana エク イイ アイ アイ アウ アム オム オン ウウ ヲア ヲエ ウウ ウウ
Extended bopomofo ㄧㆶ ㄨㄚ ㄨㆤ ㄨㄞ ㄨㄢ
Tâi-lô ik inn ai ainn au am om m ong ng u ua ue uai uan i iunn
Example (traditional Chinese)














Example (simplified Chinese)














Consonants
IPA p b m t n l k ɡ h tɕi ʑi tɕʰi ɕi ts dz tsʰ s
Pe̍h-ōe-jī p b ph m t th n nng l k g kh h chi ji chhi si ch j chh s
Revised TLPA p b ph m t th n nng l k g kh h zi ji ci si z j c s
TLPA p b ph m t th n nng l k g kh h zi ji ci si z j c s
BP b bb p bb d t n lng l g gg k h zi li ci si z l c s
MLT p b ph m t th n nng l k g kh h ci ji chi si z j zh s
DT b bh p m d t n nng l g gh k h zi r ci si z r c s
Taiwanese kana パア バア パ̣ア マア タア タ̣ア ナア ヌン ラア カア ガア カ̣ア ハア チイ ジイ チ̣イ シイ ザア サ̣ サア
Extended bopomofo ㄋㆭ
Tâi-lô p b ph m t th n nng l k g kh h tsi ji tshi si ts j tsh s
Example (traditional Chinese)




















Example (simplified Chinese)




















Tones
Tone name Yin level
陰平
Yin rising
陰上
Yin departing
陰去
Yin entering
陰入
Yang level
陽平
Yang rising
陽上
Yang departing
陽去
Yang entering
陽入
   
IPA a˥˧ a˨˩ ap˩
at˩
ak˩
aʔ˩
a˧˥ a˥˧ ap˥
at˥
ak˥
aʔ˥
a˥˥
Pe̍h-ōe-jī a á à ap
at
ak
ah
â á ā a̍p
a̍t
a̍k
a̍h
  --a
Revised
TLPA
TLPA
a1 a2 a3 ap4
at4
ak4
ah4
a5 a2 (6=2) a7 ap8
at8
ak8
ah8
a9 a0
BP ā ǎ à āp
āt
āk
āh
á ǎ â áp
át
ák
áh
   
MLT
af ar ax ab
ad
ag
aq
aa aar a ap
at
ak
ah
  ~a
DT a à â āp
āt
āk
āh
ǎ ä ā ap
at
ak
ah
á å
Taiwanese kana
(normal vowels)
アア アアTaiwanese kana normal tone 2.png アアTaiwanese kana normal tone 3.png Taiwanese kana normal tone 4.png
Taiwanese kana normal tone 4.png
Taiwanese kana normal tone 4.png
Taiwanese kana normal tone 4.png
アアTaiwanese kana normal tone 5.png アアTaiwanese kana normal tone 3.png アアTaiwanese kana normal tone 7.png Taiwanese kana normal tone 8.png
Taiwanese kana normal tone 8.png
Taiwanese kana normal tone 8.png
Taiwanese kana normal tone 8.png
   
Taiwanese kana
(nasal vowels)
アアTaiwanese kana nasal tone 1.png アアTaiwanese kana nasal tone 2.png アアTaiwanese kana nasal tone 3.png Taiwanese kana nasal tone 4.png
Taiwanese kana nasal tone 4.png
Taiwanese kana nasal tone 4.png
Taiwanese kana nasal tone 4.png
アアTaiwanese kana nasal tone 5.png アアTaiwanese kana nasal tone 3.png アアTaiwanese kana nasal tone 7.png Taiwanese kana nasal tone 8.png
Taiwanese kana nasal tone 8.png
Taiwanese kana nasal tone 8.png
Taiwanese kana nasal tone 8.png
   
Zhuyin ㄚˋ ㄚᒻ ㄚㆴ
ㄚㆵ
ㄚㆶ
ㄚㆷ
ㄚˊ ㄚˋ ㄚ⊦ ㄚㆴ̇
ㄚㆵ̇
ㄚㆶ̇
ㄚㆷ̇
   
Tâi-lô a á à ah â á ā a̍h    
Example
(traditional Chinese)






Example
(simplified Chinese)






  • Note: The bopomofo extended characters in the zhuyin row require a UTF-8 font capable of displaying Unicode values 31A0–31B7 (ex. Code2000 true type font).

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Wells,J.C.,"Orthographic diacritics and multilingual computing",Dept. of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London,UK,2001.[1].
  2. ^ Charles Q. Choi,"Speaking in Tones", Scientific American Magazine,September 2007,2 Page(s).
  3. ^ IPA: Pulmonic
  4. ^ IPA: Vowels
  5. ^ a b Li, Hen-zng(李獻璋),"Introduction to Ho-gen hue(福建語法序說)",Minami-kaze Bookstore(南風書局), Tokyo, Japan, Dec. 1950. (Min-nan)(Japanese)
  6. ^ a b Dan, Hue-liong(陳輝龍),"Taiwanese(臺灣語法(全));Appendum: the Taiwanese auxiliary(附臺灣語助數詞)",Anonymous association publ.(無名會出版部), Taipei, Taiwan,July 1934. (Min-nan)(Japanese)

External references

  1. Kun'island Formosa Culture - DT dictionary(PDF)(鯤島本土文化-臺語通用拼音字典PDF檔) (Min-nan)(Chinese)
  2. World DT Association(世界臺灣語通用協會) (Chinese)
  3. Taiwan DT(福臺語通用拼音) (Chinese)
  4. Formosa(Taiwan): 19th Century Images



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