Dental consonant

Dental consonant
Dental
◌̪

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Places of
articulation

Labial
Bilabial
Labial–velar
Labial–coronal
Labiodental
Dentolabial

Bidental

Coronal
Linguolabial
Interdental
Dental
Denti-alveolar
Alveolar
Postalveolar
Palato-alveolar
Alveolo-palatal
Retroflex

Dorsal
Palatal
Labial–palatal
Velar
Uvular
Uvular–epiglottal

Radical
Pharyngeal
Epiglotto-pharyngeal
Epiglottal

Glottal
Tongue shape

Apical
Laminal
Subapical

Lateral
Sulcal

Palatal
Pharyngeal

See also: Manner of articulation
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A dental consonant is a consonant articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth, such as /t/, /d/, /n/, and /l/ in some languages. Dentals are primarily distinguished from sounds in which contact is made with the tongue and the gum ridge, as in English (see Alveolar consonant), due to the acoustic similarity of the sounds and the fact that in the Roman alphabet they are generally written using the same symbols (t, d, n, and so on).

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the diacritic for dental consonant is [ ̪ ] (U+032A  ̪ combining bridge below).[1]

Contents

Dentals cross-linguistically

For many languages, such as Albanian, Irish or Russian, velarization is generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants so that velarized consonants (such as Albanian /ɫ/) tend to be dental or denti-alveolar while non-velarized consonants tend to be retracted to an alveolar position.[2]

Sanskrit, Hindi and all other Indic languages have an entire set of dental plosives which occur phonemically as voiced and voiceless, and with or without aspiration. The nasal stop /n/ also exists in these languages, but is quite alveolar and apical in articulation.[citation needed] To the Indian speaker, the alveolar /t/ and /d/ of English sound more like the corresponding retroflex consonants of his own language than like the dentals.[citation needed]

Spanish /t/ and /d/ are laminal denti-alveolar[3] while /l/ and /n/ are prototypically alveolar but assimilate to the place of articulation of a following consonant. Likewise, Italian /t/, /d/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/ are denti-alveolar ([t̪], [d̪], [t̪͡s̪], and [d̪͡z̪] respectively) and /l/ and /n/ become denti-alveolar before a following dental consonant.[4]

Although denti-alveolar consonants are often described as dental, it is the rear-most point of contact that is most relevant, for this is what defines the maximum acoustic space of resonance and will give a consonant its characteristic sound.[5] In the case of French, the rear-most contact is alveolar or sometimes slightly pre-alveolar.

Dental consonants in the world's languages

The dental/denti-alveolar consonants as transcribed by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:

IPA Description Example
Language Orthography IPA Meaning
n̪ dental nasal Spanish onda d̪a] wave
t̪ voiceless dental plosive Spanish toro [oɾo] bull
d̪ voiced dental plosive Spanish donde [õn̪e] where
voiceless dental sibilant fricative Polish kosa [kɔa] scythe
voiced dental sibilant fricative Polish koza [kɔa] goat
θ voiceless dental nonsibilant fricative
(also often called "interdental")
English thing [θɪŋ] thing
ð voiced dental nonsibilant fricative
(also often called "interdental")
English this [ðɪs] this
ð̞ dental approximant Spanish codo [koð̞o] elbow
l̪ dental lateral approximant Spanish alto [at̪o] tall
ɾ̪ dental flap Spanish pero [peɾ̪o] but
r̪ dental trill Marshallese Ebadon [ebˠɑˠon̪] Ebadon
t̪ʼ dental ejective
ɗ̪ voiced dental implosive
ǀ dental click release Xhosa ukúcola [ukʼúkǀola] to grind fine

See also

References

Bibliography

  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8. 
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373 
  • Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (1): 1–25, doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878 
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628 

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Look at other dictionaries:

  • dental consonant — noun a consonant articulated with the tip of the tongue near the gum ridge • Syn: ↑alveolar consonant, ↑alveolar, ↑dental • Derivationally related forms: ↑alveolar (for: ↑alveolar) …   Useful english dictionary

  • dental — [dent′ l] adj. [ModL dentalis < L dens (gen. dentis), TOOTH] 1. of or for the teeth or dentistry 2. Phonet. articulated with the tip of the tongue against or near the front teeth: said as of (th) and (th) n. a dental consonant dentally adv …   English World dictionary

  • Dental — The word dental is used for things pertaining to teeth and could refer to: Dentistry, a medical profession Dental Auxiliary Dental hygienist, a licensed practitioner Dental technician Any variety of other dental professions, such as Dental… …   Wikipedia

  • dental — I. adjective Etymology: Latin dentalis, from dent , dens Date: 1594 1. of or relating to the teeth or dentistry 2. articulated with the tip or blade of the tongue against or near the upper front teeth • dentally adverb II. noun Date …   New Collegiate Dictionary

  • Dental nasal — n̪ Image …   Wikipedia

  • Dental clicks — Dental click (plain) ǀ ʇ …   Wikipedia

  • Dental ejective — t̪ʼ Image …   Wikipedia

  • Dental ejective fricative — θʼ view · talk …   Wikipedia

  • dental — ► ADJECTIVE 1) relating to the teeth or to dentistry. 2) Phonetics (of a consonant) pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the upper front teeth (as th) or the alveolar ridge (as n, d, t). DERIVATIVES dentally adverb. ORIGIN Latin dentalis …   English terms dictionary

  • Consonant — Not to be confused with the musical concept of consonance For the alternative rock group, see Consonant (band). Places of articulation Labial Bilabial Labial–velar Labial–coronal Labiodental …   Wikipedia

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