Nehalem (microarchitecture)

Nehalem (microarchitecture)

Nehalem (pronounced /nəˈheɪləm/[1]) is the codename for an Intel processor microarchitecture, successor to the Core microarchitecture.[2] Nehalem processors use the 45 nm process. A preview system with two Nehalem processors was shown at Intel Developer Forum in 2007. The first processor released with the Nehalem architecture was the desktop Core i7,[3] which was released in November 2008.

Nehalem, a recycled codename, refers to a completely different architecture from Netburst, although Nehalem still has some things in common with NetBurst. Nehalem-based microprocessors utilize higher clock speeds and are more energy-efficient than Penryn microprocessors. Hyper-Threading is reintroduced along with an L3 Cache missing from most Core-based microprocessors.

Contents

Technology

Microarchitecture of the quad-core implementation

Performance and power improvements

It has been reported that Nehalem has a focus on performance, thus the increased core size.[4] Compared to Penryn, Nehalem has:

  • 10-25% more single-threaded performance / 20-100% more multithreaded performance at the same power level
  • 30% lower power usage for the same performance
  • Nehalem provides a 15–20% clock-for-clock increase in performance per core

Overclocking is possible with Bloomfield processors and the X58 chipset. Lynnfield processors use a PCH removing the need for a northbridge chipset.[5]

Nehalem processors incorporate SSE 4.2 SIMD instructions, adding 7 new instructions to the SSE 4.1 set in the Core 2 series. The Nehalem architecture reduces atomic operation latency by 50% in an attempt to eliminate atomic overhead .[6]

Westmere

Westmere (formerly Nehalem-C) is the name given to the 32 nm die shrink of Nehalem. The first Westmere-based processors were launched on January 7, 2010.

Westmere's feature improvements from Nehalem as reported:

  • Native six-core (Gulftown) and ten-core (Westmere-EX) processors.[7]
  • A new set of instructions that gives over 3x the encryption and decryption rate of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) processes compared to before.[8]
    • Delivers seven new instructions (AES instruction set or AES-NI) that will be used by the AES algorithm. Also an instruction called PCLMULQDQ (see CLMUL instruction set) that will perform carry-less multiplication for use in cryptography.[9] These instructions will allow the processor to perform hardware-accelerated encryption, not only resulting in faster execution but also protecting against software targeted attacks.
  • Integrated graphics, added into the processor package (dual core Arrandale and Clarkdale only).
  • Improved virtualization latency.[10]
  • New virtualization capability: "VMX Unrestricted mode support," which allows 16-bit guests to run (real mode and big real mode).
  • Support for "Huge Pages" of 1GB in size.

Variants Overview

Processing Cores (interface) Process Die Size CPUID Model Stepping Mobile Desktop, UP Server DP Server MP Server
Eight-Core (Quad-Channel) 45 nm 684 mm² 206E6 46 D0 Beckton (80604)
Quad-Core (Triple-Channel) 45 nm 263 mm² 106A4
106A5
26 C0
D0
Bloomfield (80601) Gainestown (80602)
Quad-Core (Dual-Channel, PCIe) 45 nm 296 mm² 106E4
106E5
30 B0
B1
Clarksfield (80607) Lynnfield (80605) Jasper Forest (80612)
Dual-Core (Dual-Channel, PCIe, Graphics Core) 45 nm Auburndale (canceled) Havendale (canceled)
Ten-Core (Quad-channel)[11] 32 nm 513 mm² 206F2 47 A2 Westmere-EX (80615)
Six-Core (Triple-Channel) 32 nm 248 mm² 206C2 44 B1 Gulftown (80613) Westmere-EP (80614)
Dual-Core (Dual-Channel, PCIe, Graphics Core) 32 nm
45 nm
81+114 mm² 20652
20655
37 C2
K0
Arrandale (80617) Clarkdale (80616)

Nehalem

  • Lynnfield processors feature integrated PCIe 1 x16 or 2 x8.
  • 1 6500 series scalable up to 2 sockets, 7500 series scalable up to 4/8 sockets.[12]

Server / Desktop Processors

Codename Market Cores /
Threads
Socket Processor
Branding & Model
CPU
Clock rate
Turbo TDP Interfaces L3
cache
Release Date Price for
1k Unit
Chipset Memory
Beckton1 MP Server /
DP Server
8 (16) LGA
1567
Xeon [13] X7560 2.26 GHz Yes 130 W QPI 6.4 GT/s DDR3-800 /
1066
(Up to 4x with
SMB-Ready
Motherboard)
24 MB 2010-03-30[14] $3692
X7550 2.0 GHz 18 MB $2837
X6550 $2461
L7555 1.86 GHz 95 W 4× QPI 5.86 GT/s 24 MB $3157
6 (12) E7540 2.0 GHz 105 W 4× QPI 6.4 GT/s 18 MB $1980
E6540 12 MB $1712
E7530 1.86 GHz 4× QPI 5.86 GT/s $1391
L7545 18 MB $2087
6 (6) X7542 2.66 GHz 130 W $1980
4 (8) E7520 1.86 GHz No 105 W 4× QPI 4.8 GT/s $856
E6510 1.73 GHz 12 MB $744
Gainestown DP Server[15] 4 (8) LGA
1366
Xeon[16] W5590 3.33 GHz Yes 130 W 2× QPI 6.4 GT/s DDR3-13331 8 MB 2009-08-09 $1600
W5580 3.2 GHz 2009-03-29[17] $1500
X5570 2.93 GHz 95 W $1286
X5560 2.8 GHz $1072
X5550 2.66 GHz $858
E5540 2.53 GHz 80 W 2× 5.86 GT/s 3× DDR3-10661 $744
E5530 2.4 GHz $530
E5520 2.26 GHz $373
L5530 2.4 GHz 60 W 2009-08-09 $744
L5520 2.26 GHz 2009-03-30 $530
L5518 2.13 GHz $
4 (4) E5507 2.26 GHz No 80 W 2× 4.8 GT/s 3× DDR3-8001 4 MB 2010-03-16 $266
E5506 2.13 GHz 2009-03-29
L5506 2.13 GHz 60 W $423
E5504 2.0 GHz 80 W $224
2 (4) L5508 2.0 GHz Yes 38 W 2× 5.86 GT/s 3× DDR3-1066 8 MB $
2 (2) E5503 2.0 GHz No 80 W 2× 4.8 GT/s 3× DDR3-800 4 MB 2010-03-16 $224
E5502 1.86 GHz 2009-03-29 $188
Bloomfield UP Server[18] 4 (8) Xeon[19] W3580 3.33 GHz Yes 130 W 1× QPI 6.4 GT/s 3× DDR3-1333 8 MB 2009-08-09 $999
W3570 3.2 GHz 2009-03-29[19]
W3565 3.2 GHz 1× QPI 4.8 GT/s 3× DDR3-1066 2009-11-01 $562
W3550 3.06 GHz 2009-08-09
W3540 2.93 GHz 2009-03-29[19]
W3530 2.8 GHz 2010-03-16 $294
W3520 2.66 GHz 2009-03-29[19] $284
2(2) W3505 2.53 GHz No 4 MB $
W3503 2.4 GHz $
Lynnfield 4 (8) LGA
1156
X3480 3.06 GHz Yes 95 W DMI 2× DDR3-1333 8 MB 2010-05-30 $612
X3470 2.93 GHz 2009-09-08 $589
X3460 2.8 GHz $316
X3450 2.66 GHz $241
X3440 2.53 GHz $215
L3426 1.86 GHz 45 W $284
4 (4) X3430 2.4 GHz 95 W $189
Bloomfield Enthusiast
Desktop[20]
4 (8) LGA
1366
Core i7
Extreme
975[21] 3.33 GHz Yes 130 W 1× QPI 6.4 GT/s 3× DDR3-1066 2009-05-31 $999
965 3.2 GHz 2008-11-17
Core i7 960[22] 3.2 GHz 1× QPI 4.8 GT/s 2009-10-20 $562
950[21] 3.06 GHz 2009-05-31
940 2.93 GHz 2008-11-17
930 2.8 GHz 2010-02-28 $294
920 2.66 GHz 2008-11-17 $284
Lynnfield Performance
Desktop
LGA
1156
880 3.06 GHz Yes 95 W DMI 2× DDR3-1333 2010-05-30 $583
875K 2.93 GHz $342
870[23] 2009-09-08 $562
870S 2.66 GHz 82 W 2010-07-19 $351
860 2.8 GHz 95 W 2009-09-08 $284
860S 2.53 GHz 82 W 2010-01-07 $337
4 (4) Core i5 760 2.8 GHz 95 W 2010-07-17 $209
750[24] 2.66 GHz 95 W 2009-09-08 $196
750S 2.4 GHz 82 W 2010-01-07 $259
  • Intel states the Gainestown processors have six memory channels. Gainestown processors have dual QPI links and have a separate set of memory registers for each link in effect, a multiplexed six-channel system.[25][26]

Mobile Processors

Codename Market Cores /
Threads
Socket Processor
Branding & Model
Core
Clock rate
Turbo TDP L3
cache
Interface Release Date Price for
1k Unit
Clarksfield Extreme /
Performance
Mobile
4 (8) µPGA
988
Core i7
Extreme
940XM 2.13 GHz Yes 55 W 8 MB * DMI
* 2x DDR3-1333
* PCIe 1 x16 / 2 x8
2010-06-21 $1096
920XM 2.0 GHz 2009-09-23 $1054
Core i7 840QM 1.86 GHz 45 W 2010-06-21 $568
820QM 1.73 GHz 2009-09-23 $546
740QM 6 MB 2010-06-21 $378
720QM 1.6 GHz 2009-09-23 $364

Westmere

  • TDP includes the integrated GPU, if present.
  • Clarkdale processors feature an integrated PCIe 1 x16.
  • Clarkdale and Arrandale contain the 32 nm dual core processor Hillel and the 45 nm integrated graphics device Ironlake, and support switchable graphics.[27][28]

Server / Desktop Processors

Codename Market Cores /
Threads
Socket Processor
Branding & model
Clock rate Turbo TDP Interfaces L3
cache
Release
Date
Price
Core GPU Chipset Memory
Westmere-EX MP Server 10 (20) LGA
1567
Xeon E7-4870 2.4 GHz N/A Yes 130 W 2× QPI 6.4 GT/s 30 MB 2011-04-05
[29]
$4394
E7-4860 2.26 GHz 24 MB $3838
E7-4850 2 GHz $2837
Gulftown /
Westmere-EP

[30]
DP Server 6 (12) LGA
1366
Xeon X5690 3.46 GHz N/A Yes 130 W 2× QPI 6.4 GT/s 3× DDR3-1333 12 MB 2011-02-13 $1663
X5680 3.33 GHz 2010-03-16
X5675 3.06 GHz 95 W 2011-02-05 $1440
X5670 2.93 GHz 2010-03-16 $1440
X5660 2.8 GHz $1219
X5650 2.66 GHz $996
E5645 2.4 GHz 80 W 2× QPI 5.86 GT/s $958
L5640 2.26 GHz 60 W $996
L5638 2.0 GHz $958
4 (8) X5677 3.46 GHz 130 W 2× QPI 6.4 GT/s $1663
X5667 3.06 GHz 95 W $1440
E5640 2.66 GHz 80 W 2× QPI 5.86 GT/s 3× DDR3-1066 $774
E5630 2.53 GHz $551
E5620 2.4 GHz $387
L5630 2.13 GHz 40 W $551
L5618 1.86 GHz $530
4 (4) L5609 1.86 GHz No 2× QPI 4.8 GT/s $440
UP Server 6 (12) Xeon W3680 3.33 GHz N/A Yes 130 W 1× QPI 6.4 GT/s DDR3-1333 2010-03-16[31] $999
W3670 3.20 GHz 1× QPI 4.8 GT/s 3× DDR3-1066 2010-08-29 $885
Extreme /
Performance
Desktop
Core i7
Extreme
990X 3.46 GHz 1× QPI 6.4 GT/s 2011-02-13 $999
980X 3.33 GHz 2010-03-16
Core i7 970 3.2 GHz 1× QPI 4.8 GT/s 2010-07-17 $885
Clarkdale[32] UP Server 2 (4) LGA
1156
Xeon L3406 2.26 GHz N/A Yes 30 W DMI 2× DDR3-1066 4 MB 2010-03-16 $189
L3403 2.0 GHz 2010-10 $
Mainstream /
Value
Desktop
Core i5 680 3.6 GHz 733 MHz 73 W 2× DDR3-1333 2010-04-18 $294
670 3.46 GHz 2010-01-07 $284
661 3.33 GHz 900 MHz 87 W $196
660 733 MHz 73 W
650 3.2 GHz $176
Core i3 560 3.33 GHz No 2010-08-29 $138
550 3.20 GHz 2010-05-30
540 3.06 GHz 2010-01-07 $133
530 2.93 GHz $113
2 (2) Pentium G6950 2.8 GHz 533 MHz 2× DDR3-1066 3 MB $87
Celeron G1101 2.26 GHz 2 MB OEM

Mobile Processors

Codename Market Cores /
Threads
Processor
Branding & Model
CPU Clock rate GPU Clock rate Turbo TDP Memory L3
cache
Interface Release
Date
Price
Standard Turbo
(1C/2C active cores )
Arrandale Mainstream /

Value Mobile

2 (4) Core i7 640M 2.8 GHz 3.47/3.2 GHz 766 MHz Yes 35 W 2× DDR3-1066 4 MB * DMI
* PCIe 1 x16
* Socket:
µPGA-988 /
BGA-1288
2010-09-26 $346
620M 2.66 GHz 3.33/3.2 GHz 2010-01-07 $332
610E 2.53 GHz 3.2/2.93 GHz OEM
660LM 2.26 GHz 3.06/2.8 GHz 566 MHz 25 W 2010-09-26 $346
640LM 2.13 GHz 2.93/2.66 GHz 2010-01-07 $332
620LM / 620LE 2.0 GHz 2.8/2.53 GHz $300
680UM 1.46 GHz 2.53/2.16 GHz 500 MHz 18 W 2× DDR3-800 2010-09-26 $317
660UM 1.33 GHz 2.4/2.0  GHz 2010-05-25 $289
640UM 1.2 GHz 2.26/1.87 GHz 2010-01-07 $305
620UM / 620UE 1.06 GHz 2.13/1.76 GHz $278
Core i5 580M 2.66 GHz 3.33/2.93 GHz 766 MHz 35 W 2× DDR3-1066 3 MB 2010-09-26 $266
560M 2.66 GHz 3.2/2.93 GHz $260
540M 2.53 GHz 3.06/2.8 GHz 2010-01-07 $257
520M / 520E 2.4 GHz 2.93/2.66 GHz $225
560UM 1.33 GHz 2.13/1.86 GHz 500 MHz 18 W 2× DDR3-800 2010-09-26 $250
540UM 1.2 GHz 2.0/1.73 GHz 2010-05-25 $250
520UM 1.06 GHz 1.86/1.6 GHz 2010-01-07 $241
480M 2.67 GHz 2.93/2.93 GHz 766 MHz 35 W 2× DDR3-1066 2011-01-09 OEM
460M 2.53 GHz 2.8/2.8 GHz 2010-09-26
450M 2.4 GHz 2.66/2.66 GHz 2010-06-26
430M 2.26 GHz 2.53/2.53 GHz 2010-01-07
470UM 1.33 GHz 1.86/1.6 GHz 500 MHz 18 W 2× DDR3-800 2010-10-01
430UM 1.2 GHz 1.73/1.47 GHz 2010-05-25
Core i3 380M 2.54 GHz n/a 667 MHz No 35 W 2× DDR3-1066 2010-09-26
370M 2.4 GHz 2010-06-20
350M 2.26 GHz 2010-01-07
330M / 330E 2.13 GHz
380UM 1.33 GHz 500 MHz 18 W 2× DDR3-800 2010-10-01
330UM 1.2 GHz 2010-05-25
2 (2) Pentium P6200 2.13 GHz 667 MHz 35 W 2× DDR3-1066 2010-09-26
P6100 2.00 GHz
P6000 1.86 GHz 2010-06-20
U5400 1.20 GHz 500 MHz 18 W 2× DDR3-800 2010-05-25
Celeron P4600 2.00 GHz 667 MHz 35 W 2× DDR3-1066 2 MB 2010-09-26 $86
P4500 / P4505 1.86 GHz 2010-03-28 OEM
U3400 / U3405 1.06 GHz 500 MHz 18 W 2× DDR3-800 / 1066 2010-05-25

Successor

The successor to Nehalem and Westmere is Sandy Bridge.

Intel processor roadmap
Intel CPU core roadmaps from NetBurst and P6 to Skylake


References

  1. ^ I Am Nehalem, http://www.metacafe.com/watch/830178/i_am_nehalem/ 
  2. ^ Intel Details Upcoming New Processor Generations, Intel Corporation, 2007-03-28, http://www.intel.com/pressroom/archive/releases/20070328fact.htm 
  3. ^ Gruener, Wolfgang (2008-08-10), Nehalem = i7: Intel unveils new Core processor brand, TG Daily, http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/38818/135/ 
  4. ^ "Intel's dual teamed approached to micro-architecture development" (in Japanese), PC Watch, 2008-01-29, http://pc.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/2008/0129/kaigai412.htm 
  5. ^ Botezatu, Bogdan (2008-04-22), Intel: No Overclocking for Mainstream Nehalems, Softpedia, http://news.softpedia.com/news/Intel-No-Overclocking-for-Mainstream-Nehalems-84019.shtml 
  6. ^ NO EXECUTE!, http://www.emulators.com/docs/nx24_hot_chips.htm 
  7. ^ Intel says no to 28nm, focuses on 22nm: Ivy Bridge/Haswell & Larrabee, http://brightsideofnews.com/news/2009/4/16/intel-says-no-to-28nm2c-focuses-on-22nm-ivy-bridgehaswell--larrabee.aspx 
  8. ^ Smalley, Tim (2007-09-19), Westmere is Nehalem's successor, bit-tech.net, http://www.bit-tech.net/news/2007/09/19/westmere_is_nehalem_successor/1 
  9. ^ Carry-Less Multiplication and Its Usage for Computing The GCM Mode – Intel Software Network, 2008-04-11, http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/carry-less-multiplication-and-its-usage-for-computing-the-gcm-mode, retrieved 2009-03-01 
  10. ^ Fuad Abazovic (2008-09-16), Westmere 32nm to improve Nehalem features, Fudzilla.com, http://www.fudzilla.com/processors/processors/processors/westmere-32nm-to-improve-nehalem-features, retrieved 2009-03-01 
  11. ^ Westmere-EX 10 core CPUs announced by Intel at IDF
  12. ^ High-End x86: The Nehalem EX Xeon 7500 and Dell R810
  13. ^ AMD launches 12-core Opteron server chips, Intel counters with the 8-core Xeon 7500, engadedget.com, 2010-03-31, http://www.engadget.com/2010/03/30/amd-launches-12-core-opteron-server-chips-intel-counters-with-t/, retrieved 2010-03-31 
  14. ^ Nebojsa Novakovic (2009-02-12), Intel's next bunch of fun CPUs moves to 2010, CNN International, http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/opinion/976/1050976/intel-bunch-fun-cpus-moves-2010, retrieved 2009-03-01 
  15. ^ Intel Xeon Processor 5500 Series Product brief, (Document Number: 321579-001US), Intel, 2009-04-01, http://www-2000.ibm.com/partnerworld/ap/kr/intel_xeon_5500_prodbrief.pdf, retrieved 2010-08-27 
  16. ^ Core i7 to make leap to Xeon in early 2009, Legacy.macnn.com, http://legacy.macnn.com/articles/08/11/13/xeon.i7.in.early.2009/, retrieved 2008-11-24 
  17. ^ Fuad Abazovic (2009-01-28), Nehalem based Xeon comes Mar 29th, Fudzilla.com, http://www.fudzilla.com/processors/processors/processors/nehalem-based-xeon-comes-mar-29th, retrieved 2009-01-28 
  18. ^ Intel Xeon Processor 3500 Series, Intel, 2009-04-01, http://www.intel.com/cd/channel/reseller/asmo-na/eng/products/server/processors/3500/feature/index.htm, retrieved 2009-04-10 
  19. ^ a b c d Teglet, Traian (2008-11-13), Intel to Add New Nehalem Xeon Processor, softpedia, http://news.softpedia.com/news/Intel-to-Add-New-Nehalem-Xeon-Processors-97856.shtml, retrieved 2008-11-13 
  20. ^ "Intel Core i7 Processor Extreme Datasheet, Volume 2, (Document Number: 320835-002)". Intel. 2008-11-01. http://download.intel.com/design/processor/datashts/320835.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-24. 
  21. ^ a b Worrel, Jon (2009-02-09), Core i7 950 and 975 to replace 940 and 965, Fudzilla, http://www.fudzilla.com/processors/processors/processors/core-i7-950-and-975-to-replace-940-and-965, retrieved 2009-02-10 
  22. ^ Intel to launch new Core i7 960 and Celerons, http://www.guru3d.com/news/intel-to-launch-new-core-i7-960-and-celerons/ 
  23. ^ Intel Core i5-750, AnandTech, 2009-06-17, http://www.anandtech.com/cpuchipsets/showdoc.aspx?i=3585 
  24. ^ Intel Quietly Announces Core i5, Xtreview, 2009-06-26, http://www.anandtech.com/cpuchipsets/showdoc.aspx?i=3585 
  25. ^ Intel Xeon Processor 5000 SequenceTechnical Documents, http://www.intel.com/p/en_US/products/server/processor/xeon5000/technical-documents 
  26. ^ Intel Xeon Processor 5500 Series Datasheet Volume 2, Intel, March 2009, http://www.intel.com/Assets/PDF/datasheet/321322.pdf, retrieved 2009-05-01 
  27. ^ Bell, Brandon (2009-02-10), Intel CPU Roadmap 2009–2010, FS Media, Inc, http://www.firingsquad.com/hardware/intel_32nm_westmere_roadmap/page2.asp, retrieved 2009-03-01 
  28. ^ CPU list, http://www.hwinfo.com/Lists/cpu.htm 
  29. ^ Intel Launches New Xeon Chips with Up to Ten Cores, http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/cpu/display/20110405135321_Intel_Launches_New_Xeon_Chips_with_Up_to_Ten_Cores.html 
  30. ^ Intel pushes workhorse Xeons to six cores, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/03/16/intel_xeon_5600_launch/ 
  31. ^ Intel Launches Its Most Secure Data Center Processor, http://sanfrancisco.dbusinessnews.com/viewnews.php?article=bwire/20100316005652r1.xml 
  32. ^ Intel Clarkdale Processor, XTREVIEW, 2009-02-09, http://xtreview.com/addcomment-id-7818-view-Intel-clarkdale-processor.html, retrieved 2009-03-01 

Further reading

External links


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