Newtonian potential

Newtonian potential


In mathematics, the Newtonian potential or Newton potential is an operator in vector calculus that acts as the inverse to the negative Laplacian, on functions that are smooth and decay rapidly enough at infinity. As such, it is a fundamental object of study in potential theory. In its general nature, it is a singular integral operator, defined by convolution with a function having a mathematical singularity at the origin, the Newtonian kernel Γ which is the fundamental solution of the Laplace equation. It is named for Isaac Newton, who first discovered it and proved that it was a harmonic function in the special case of three variables, where it served as the fundamental gravitational potential in Newton's law of universal gravitation. In modern potential theory, the Newtonian potential is instead thought of as an electrostatic potential.

The Newtonian potential of a compactly supported integrable function ƒ is defined as the convolution

u(x) = \Gamma * f(x) = \int_{\mathbb{R}^d} \Gamma(x-y)f(y)\,dy

where the Newtonian kernel Γ in dimension d is defined by

\Gamma(x) = \begin{cases} 
\frac{1}{2}\left| x \right| & d=1  \\
\frac{1}{2\pi} \log{ | x | } &  d=2  \\
\frac{1}{d(2-d)\omega_d} | x | ^{2-d} &  d>2.
\end{cases}

Here ωd is the volume of the unit d-ball, and sometimes sign conventions may vary; compare (Evans 1998) and (Gilbarg & Trudinger 1983).

The Newtonian potential w of ƒ is a solution of the Poisson equation

\Delta w = f, \,

which is to say that the operation of taking the Newtonian potential of a function is a partial inverse to the Laplace operator. The solution is not unique, since addition of any harmonic function to w will not affect the equation. This fact can be used to prove existence and uniqueness of solutions to the Dirichlet problem for the Poisson equation in suitably regular domains, and for suitably well-behaved functions ƒ: one first applies a Newtonian potential to obtain a solution, and then adjusts by adding a harmonic function to get the correct boundary data.

The Newtonian potential is defined more broadly as the convolution

\Gamma*\mu(x) = \int_{\mathbb{R}^d}\Gamma(x-y) \, d\mu(y)

when μ is a compactly supported Radon measure. It satisfies the Poisson equation

\Delta w = \mu \,

in the sense of distributions. Moreover, when the measure is positive, the Newtonian potential is subharmonic on Rd.

If ƒ is a compactly supported continuous function (or, more generally, a finite measure) that is rotationally invariant, then the convolution of ƒ with Γ satisfies for x outside the support of ƒ

f*\Gamma(x) =\lambda \Gamma(x),\quad \lambda=\int_{\mathbb{R}^d} f(y)\,dy.

In dimension d = 3, this reduces to Newton's theorem that the potential energy of a small mass outside a much larger spherically symmetric mass distribution is the same as if all of the mass of the larger object were concentrated at its center.

When the measure μ is associated to a mass distribution on a sufficiently smooth hypersurface S (a Lyapunov surface of Hölder class C1,α) that divides Rd into two regions D+ and D, then the Newtonian potential of μ is referred to as a simple layer potential. Simple layer potentials are continuous and solve the Laplace equation except on S. They appear naturally in the study of electrostatics in the context of the electrostatic potential associated to a charge distribution on a closed surface. If dμ = ƒ dH is the product of a continuous function on S with the (d − 1)-dimensional Hausdorff measure, then at a point y of S, the normal derivative undergoes a jump discontinuity ƒ(y) when crossing the layer. Furthermore, the normal derivative is of w a well-defined continuous function on S. This makes simple layers particularly suited to the study of the Neumann problem for the Laplace equation.

See also

References


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужно решить контрольную?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Newtonian potential — Potential Po*ten tial, n. 1. Anything that may be possible; a possibility; potentially. Bacon. [1913 Webster] 2. (Math.) In the theory of gravitation, or of other forces acting in space, a function of the rectangular coordinates which determine… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • newtonian potential — noun Usage: usually capitalized N : a potential in a field of force obeying the inverse square law; especially : gravitational potential …   Useful english dictionary

  • Potential — Po*ten tial, n. 1. Anything that may be possible; a possibility; potentially. Bacon. [1913 Webster] 2. (Math.) In the theory of gravitation, or of other forces acting in space, a function of the rectangular coordinates which determine the… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • potential function — Potential Po*ten tial, n. 1. Anything that may be possible; a possibility; potentially. Bacon. [1913 Webster] 2. (Math.) In the theory of gravitation, or of other forces acting in space, a function of the rectangular coordinates which determine… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Newtonian telescope — The Newtonian telescope is a type of reflecting telescope invented by the British scientist Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727), using a concave primary mirror and a flat diagonal secondary mirror. Newton’s first reflecting telescope was completed in… …   Wikipedia

  • Newtonian motivations for general relativity — Some of the basic concepts of General Relativity can be outlined outside the relativistic domain. In particular, the idea that mass/energy generates curvature in space and that curvature affects the motion of masses can be illustrated in a… …   Wikipedia

  • Newtonian gauge — For context, see also scalar vector tensor decomposition and cosmological perturbation theory. In general relativity, Newtonian gauge is a perturbed form of the Friedmann Lemaitre Robertson Walker line element. The gauge freedom of general… …   Wikipedia

  • Potential energy — This article is about a form of energy in physics. For the statistical method, see Potential energy statistics. Classical mechanics Newton s Second Law …   Wikipedia

  • Riesz potential — In mathematics, a Riesz potential is a scalar function V {alpha} : mathbb{R}^{n} o mathbb{R}, n geq 2, of the form:V {alpha} (x)= int mathbb{R^n} frac{1}{| x y |^{alpha , mathrm{d} mu (y),where alpha > 0 and mu is a Borel measure whose support is …   Wikipedia

  • Modified Newtonian dynamics — MOND redirects here. For other uses, see Mond. In physics, Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) is a hypothesis that proposes a modification of Newton s law of gravity to explain the galaxy rotation problem. When the uniform velocity of rotation of …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”