- 331 BC
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Events
By place
Macedonia
* Alexander departs from Egypt and leads his forces towards
Phoenicia . He leavesCleomenes of Naucratis as the rulingnomarch to control Egypt.
*October 1 — Alexander ofMacedon ia is victorious in theBattle of Gaugamela (near ancientNinevah ) over the Persian King Darius III. Darius turns his chariot and flees, although his subordinates fight on. Alexander pursues the defeated Persian forces to Arbela, but Darius escapes with hisBactria n cavalry and Greek mercenaries into Media.
* Alexander becomes the master of the Persian Empire, ending theAchaemenid dynasty.Babylon andSusa open their gates to him. In the capital, Susa, Alexander gains access to huge treasures amounting to 50,000 gold talents.Greece
* While Alexander is fighting in Asia,
Agis III ofSparta , profiting from the Macedonian king's absence fromGreece , leads some of the Greek cities in a revolt. With Persian money and 8,000 Greek mercenaries, he holdsCrete against Macedonian forces. In thePeloponnesus he routes a force under the Macedonian generalCoragus and, althoughAthens stays neutral, he is joined byElis ,Achaea (except Pellene) andArcadia , with the exception of Megalopolis, the staunchly anti-Spartan capital of Arcadia, which Agis III's forces besiege.Italy
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Alexander of Epirus takes Heraclea from theLucanians , and Terina and Sipontum from theBruttii .
* Tarentum turn against Alexander of Epirus when they realize that he intends to create a kingdom of his own in southernItaly . Alexander is defeated and killed in theBattle of Pandosia on the banks of theAcheron .Roman Republic
* The Gallic tribe of the
Senones and the Romans conclude a peace and enter upon a period of friendly relations which lasts the rest of the century.Births
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Deaths
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Alexander I of Epirus , Aeacid dynasty king of Epirus (b. c.370 BC )
*Vahe , legendary king ofArmenia and last of theHyke dynasty
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