Dahman

Dahman

Dahman or Dahman Afrin is the Avestan language name of a Zoroastrian concept, later considered to be the embodiment of prayer, and ultimately (also) as a divinity, one of the yazatas.

Dahman Afrin literally means 'devout blessing(s)', and the divinity Dahman is the active principle and hypostasis of the Gathic Avestan Dahma Afriti invocation (Yasna 60.2-7). Yasna 61 also refers to the prayer as Dahma Vangui Afriti and considers it to be the fourth most potent incantation. The prayer is invoked as a blessing upon the house of the ashavan, which may be translated as 'just' or 'true' man.

In Zoroastrian tradition, the divinity Dahman appears as Middle Persian Dahm.

In scripture

As used in Yasna 60 and 61, the term dahma appears to mean 'pious' or 'good', but that it may have originally been used to refer to one who had been initiated into the Zoroastrian religion. Zend translations of Yasna 61 and middle Persian glossaries appear to have considered the term unfamiliar enough that it needed explanation. In these, dahm is considered the essence of the just man, and the name of the prayer is translated as 'blessings of the good/pious'. However, according to Boyce (1982), the authors of the Zend were mistaken. According to her, dahm was not a (masculine plural) noun, but an (accusative singular feminine) adjective "used exclusively of Afriti among the divine beings." The mistranslation became the standard name of the prayer, and ultimately embodied as that of a yazata.

The potency of the Dahma Afriti invocation is also mentioned in the Vendidad as Ahura Mazda's reward for a cure for disease (Vendidad 22.5). It is also the payment a priest may give for medicinal services rendered unto him (Vendidad 7.41, 9.37), which – a Zend commentary explains - is more valuable than any other form of payment.

As the essence of the just man, dahman was eventually personified as the divinity Dahman Afrin, or just Dahman. As a divinity, Dahman only appears thrice in the surviving texts of the Avesta (once in Siroza 33, and once each in fragments P31 and P32) and once in a Zend translation of the lost Sudgar Nask.

In tradition

In addition, Dahman appears several times in the Denkard, as the greatest saviour from the daevas (815.4-815.8), a description also provided by the Shayest ne shayest supplementary (13.43). A Sassanid era commentary on Siroza 33 notes that property acquired honestly is protected by Dahman Afrin.

Boyce (1982) suggests that Dahman may once have had a dedication of the twenty-third day of the month of the Zoroastrian calendar, but was displaced when three additional days were assigned to Ahura Mazda. Dahman continues to be invoked with Apam Napat (middle Persian: Burz Yazad) and Haoma (Hom) together with Anagra Raoca (Aneran), the divinity of the thirtieth day of the month.

In Zoroastrian cosmogony, Dahman was created though, and is associated with, the Amesha Spenta Shahrevar (Avestan: Kshathra [Vairya]), the guardian of metals and minerals. (Bundahishn 3.16)

Dahman also plays a role as the yazata who receives the souls of the just/pious at sunrise on the fourth day after death. In that Afringan ('ritual of blessing'), Dahman is summoned to accept the soul of the deceased from Sarosh (under whose care it had remained for the previous four days) and accompany it until the soul's Fravashi is united with it. (Dhalla, 1938)

Beyond these references, Dahman Afrin is of no great significance in modern Zoroastrianism, and is overshadowed by Sarosh, with whom Dahman is frequently associated. There is no Yasht dedicated to Dahman, but it has been suggested that the divinity of prayer was once important to the Zoroastrian priesthood. (Boyce, 1993b)

Unlike most other yazatas, Dahman is a purely Zoroastrian concept, with no pre-Zoroastrian equivalent, and was not inherited as an entity by later Persian mythology.

Bibliography

  • Boyce, Mary (1993a). "Dahma Afriti and Some Related Problems". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (BSOAS) 56 (2). 
  • Boyce, Mary (1993b). "Dahm Yazad". Encyclopaedia Iranica. 6. Costa Mesa: Mazda Pub 
  • Boyce, Mary (1982). History of Zoroastrianism. 2. Leiden: Brill 
  • Dhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji (1938). History of Zoroastrianism. New York: OUP. ISBN 0404128068. 

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужно решить контрольную?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Dahman — Provenance. Prénom d origine arabe. Signifie: le serviteur du Clément variante de Abderahman Histoire. Depuis maintenant quatorze siècles, la plupart des musulmans, de par le monde, qu ils soient asiatiques, africains, européens ou américains,… …   Dictionnaire des prénoms français, arabes et bretons

  • Mohammed Dahman — Personal information Date of birth 8 May 1959 (1959 05 08) (age 52) Place of birth …   Wikipedia

  • Yasna — (Avestan: oblation or worship ) is the name of the primary liturgical collection of texts of the Avesta as well as the name of the principal Zoroastrian act of worship at which those verses are recited. A well trained priest is able to recite the …   Wikipedia

  • PGFTU - Palestinian General Federation of Trade Unions — Infobox Union name= PGFTU country= State of Palestine affiliation= ITUC members= full name= Palestine General Federation of Trade Unions native name= founded= 1965 current= head= dissolved date= dissolved state= merged into= office= Nablus,… …   Wikipedia

  • Desert Heat (hip hop) — Desert Heat is an Arab hip hop group originating from the UAE (United Arab Emirates). Formed in late 2002, Desert Heat consists of two Emirati brothers Salim Dahman known as ‘Illmiyah’ (eel mee yah) and Abdullah Dahman known as ‘Arableak’. Desert …   Wikipedia

  • Arabe (cheval) — Demande de traduction …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Dahmoune — Nom kabyle également écrit Dahmoun. Sans doute une variante de l arabe Dahman, Dahmane, qui peut correspondre à dahmân (= assaillant), mais qui peut aussi être un diminutif de Abderrahman (voir ce nom) …   Noms de famille

  • Abu Bakr — For other people with the name, see Abu Bakr (name). Abu Bakr Caliph Abu Bakr s empire at its peak, 634. Khalifat ul Rasūl (Prophet s successor) …   Wikipedia

  • Zoroastrian calendar — The Zoroastrian calendar is a religious calendar used by members of the Zoroastrian faith, and it is an approximation of the (tropical) solar calendar. To this day, Zoroastrians, irrespective of geographic location, adhere to (variations of) this …   Wikipedia

  • An Nuqat al Khams — ( ar. النقاط الخمس) is one of the municipalities of Libya. It is in the northwest of the country. Its capital is Zuwarah.With the creation of the shabiyah system, An Nuqat al Khams was reduced in size.In the north, An Nuqat al Khams has a… …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”