Indispensable party

Indispensable party
Civil procedure in the United States
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An indispensable party (also called a necessary party or necessary and indispensable party) is a party in a lawsuit whose participation is required for jurisdiction or the purpose of rendering a judgment. In reality, a party may be "necessary" but not indispensable. For example, if s/he claims an interest in the litigation, that interest may be impeded if s/he is not joined. That doesn't transform him or her into an indispensable party unless her absence threatens some other party's interest. Often, an indispensable party is any party whose rights are directly affected by disposition of the case. Many jurisdictions have rules which provide for an indispensable party to be joined (brought into the case as a party) at the discretion of the judge. In some cases, the inability to join such a party means that the case must be dismissed.

Identifying an indispensable party

The indispensable party is often a prudential standing requirement. That is, while the parties currently involved in litigation have an actual case or controversy, judges will not proceed without the indispensable party. This avoids potential double litigation and possibly inequitable outcomes. In determining whether a party is indispensable, courts generally look to three factors:

  1. Will the missing party's interests be harmed in some direct way by the outcome of the case?
  2. Does the missing party have an interest which would cause another party to the case to be subjected to multiple obligations?
  3. Can the court provide complete relief to the plaintiff without the presence of the missing party?

In patent law, for example, a patent owner is an indispensable party to a patent infringement suit brought by an exclusive licensee against an alleged infringer. The patent owner's rights would be directly affected by a finding of invalidity or unenforceability of the patent claims. At the same time, if the patent owner is not a party to the case, the alleged infringer could be sued separately by the patent owner, and could end up having to pay two judgments for the same act of infringement.

Determining the feasibility of joining an indispensable party

Once it has been determined that a missing party is indispensable, the court must determine whether it is feasible to join that party to the case. In making this determination, the court will use the same analysis that it uses to determine whether it has jurisdiction over any party. First, it must determine whether it can exercise personal jurisdiction over the party. Second, it must determine whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction will affect its subject matter jurisdiction. In diversity cases, which brought in federal court on the basis of all plaintiffs coming from different states as all defendants, joinder will not be deemed feasible if it destroys diversity.

Where the missing party can not be brought into the case, the court must determine whether it is possible to proceed without joining that party. If it is not possible to proceed, the case will be dismissed.

In some jurisdictions, the failure to join an indispensable party does not hinder the case. For example, the state of Virginia does not recognize the doctrine of indispensable parties; although a defendant may argue that the plaintiff has improperly failed to join a party that would conventionally be deemed indispensable, and may seek to have the court attempt to join the missing party, if it is not feasible to join the missing party then the case will simply go on without them.


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Look at other dictionaries:

  • indispensable party — see party 1b Merriam Webster’s Dictionary of Law. Merriam Webster. 1996. indispensable party …   Law dictionary

  • indispensable party — A person materially interested either legally or beneficially in the subject matter of the suit. Green v Brophy, 71 App DC 299, 110 F2d 539, 9 ALR2d 1. A person who must be joined as a party if the action is to succeed. McAndrews v Krause, 245… …   Ballentine's law dictionary

  • necessary and indispensable party — See indispensable party; necessary party …   Ballentine's law dictionary

  • party — par·ty n pl parties 1 a: one (as a person, group, or entity) constituting alone or with others one of the sides of a proceeding, transaction, or agreement the parties to a contract a person who signed the instrument as a party to the instrument… …   Law dictionary

  • indispensable — in·dis·pen·sa·ble /ˌin di spen sə bəl/ adj: having rights so connected to the claims of the parties to an action that the action cannot be adjudicated without affecting those rights see also indispensable party at party Merriam Webster’s… …   Law dictionary

  • party — A person who has engaged in a transaction or made an agreement. UCC § 1 201(29). One of the opposing litigants in a judicial proceeding–a person seeking to establish a right or one upon whom it is sought to impose a corresponding duty or… …   Ballentine's law dictionary

  • party — A person concerned or having or taking part in any affair, matter, transaction, or proceeding, considered individually. A party to an action is a person whose name is designated on record as plaintiff or defendant. M & A Elec. Power Co op, v.… …   Black's law dictionary

  • necessary party — see party 1b Merriam Webster’s Dictionary of Law. Merriam Webster. 1996. necessary party …   Law dictionary

  • necessary party — A person without whom no judgment or decree determining the principal issues in the case can effectively be made; such a person as is necessary to a determination of the entire controversy. 39 Am J1st Parties § 5. A party to the proceeding whose… …   Ballentine's law dictionary

  • formal party — A classification of parties to an action. A nominal party rather than a necessary or indispensable party. Minnis v Southern Pacific Co. (CA9 Cal) 98 F2d 913. A person having no interest in the subject matter of the action but whose joinder as a… …   Ballentine's law dictionary

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