- Perpetua and Felicity
Infobox Saint
name=Saints Perpetua and Felicitas
birth_date=
death_date=7 March 202 or 203
feast_day=7 March (6 March from 1908 to 1969)
venerated_in=Roman Catholic Church ,Eastern Orthodox Churches ,Oriental Orthodox Churches ,Anglican Communion ,Lutheran Church
imagesize=
caption=
birth_place=
death_place=Carthage , Roman Province of Africa
titles=Martyrs
beatified_date=
beatified_place=
beatified_by=
canonized_date=
canonized_place=
canonized_by=
attributes=
patronage=Mothers , Expectant Mothers
major_shrine=
suppressed_date=
issues=
prayer=
prayer_attrib=:"Perpetua redirects here. For other uses, see
Perpetua (disambiguation) ":"For the other saint named Felicitas, seeFelicitas of Rome ."Saints Perpetua and Felicitas are two 3rd century
Christian martyr s venerated assaints . St. Perpetua was a 22-year old marriednoble nursing mother while her co-martyr St. Felicitas or Felicity, an expectant mother, was her slave. They suffered together atCarthage , Roman Province of Africa.The record of the "Passion of St. Perpetua, St. Felicitas, and their Companions" is one of the great treasures of martyr literature, a document which is said to preserve the actual words of the martyrs and their friends. In the year 203, during the persecutions of the Emperor
Septimius Severus , fivecatechumen s were arrested for their faith. The group consisted of a slave namedRevocatus , his fellow slave Felicitas, who was expecting the birth of a child, two free men,Saturninus andSecundulus , and a matron of twenty-two, Vivia Perpetua, the wife of a man of good position and mother of a small infant. St. Perpetua's father was apagan , her mother and two brothers Christians, one of the brothers being a catechumen. These five prisoners were soon joined by oneSaturus , who seems to have been their instructor in the faith (catechist ) and who now chose to share their punishment. At first they were all kept under strict guard in a private house. St. Perpetua wrote a vivid account of what happened. Their sufferings while in prison, the angry attempts of St. Perpetua's father, which became more desperate, to induce her to renounceChristianity , the vicissitudes of the martyrs before their execution, the visions of Saturus and Perpetua in their dungeons, were all committed to writing by the last two, in a genre of text that is technically called a "Passion."Year
Their date of their martyrdom is traditionally given as
March 6 ,203 . The association of the martyrdom with a birthday festival of the Emperor Geta, however, would seem to place it after 209, when Geta was made "Caesar", though before 211, when he was assassinated. The "Acta" notes that the martyrdom occurred in the year when Minucius Timinianus was proconsul in the Roman province of Africa, but as Timinianus is not otherwise attested in history, this information does not clarify the date.Martyrdom
The details of the martyrdoms survive in both Latin and Greek texts (see below). Saint Perpetua's account is apparently historical; it is the earliest surviving text written by a Christian woman. ["The account of her martyrdom - technically a Passion -is apparently historical and has special interest as much of it was written [section 3-10] , in Latin by Perpetua herself before her death. This makes it one of the earliest pieces of writing by a Christian woman." (Paul Halsall (Fordham University), ed. "Internet Medieval Sourcebook"; "Few martyrdoms are better attested than this." (Henry Wace, "Proofread 1 time. Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D", "s.v." "Felicitas (2), martyr at Carthage", 1911. ] After a brief introduction (chapters i–ii), the narrative and visions of Perpetua (iii–1x) are followed by the vision of Saturus (xi–xiii); the account of their deaths, written by an eyewitness, are appended (xiv–xxi).
By order of Emperor
Septimius Severus (193–211), all imperial subjects were forbidden under severe penalties to becomeChristians orJews . Only recent converts were affected. [Dale Irvin and Scott Sunquist, "History of World Christian Movement" (Orbis Books. Maryknoll, NY, 2001), 82-83] As a result , all five were seized and cast into prison, but before being led away, they were baptized.According to her "Acts," the terrors of imprisonment were increased for St. Perpetua by anxiety for her unweaned child. Two
deacons succeeded in gaining admittance by bribing the jailer, and Perpetua's mother brought Perpetua's son in her arms, whom she was permitted to nurse and keep with her, "and straightway I became well and was lightened of my labour and care for the child; and suddenly the prison was made a palace for me." A vision assured her of her approaching martyrdom: Perpetua saw herself treading on a dragon's head and ascending a perilous bronze ladder leading to green meadows, where a flock of sheep was grazing.According to the "Acta," a few days later St. Perpetua's father, hearing that the trial of the imprisoned Christians would soon take place, again visited their dungeon and besought her not to bring this disgrace on their name; but Perpetua remained steadfast. The next day the trial of the six took place, before theProcurator Hilarianus . All six resolutely confessed their Christian faith. St. Perpetua's father, carrying her child in his arms, approached her again and attempted, for the last time, to induce her to apostatize; the procurator also remonstrated with her, but in vain. She refused to sacrifice to the gods. The procurator thereupon had the father removed by force; in the process he was struck with a whip.The Christians were then condemned to be torn to pieces by wild beasts, for which they gave thanks to
God .In a vision St. Perpetua saw her brother Dinocrates, who had died from a disfiguring disease and unbaptized at the early age of seven, in a place of darkness and distress. She prayed for him and later had a vision of him happy and healthy, his disfigurement only a scar. In another apparition, she apparently saw herself defeating a savage Egyptian, and he interpreted this that she would have to do battle not merely with wild beasts but with the
Devil himself.Saturus, who also recorded his visions, saw himself and Perpetua transported Eastward by four
angels to a beautiful garden, where they met with four other North African Christians who had suffered martyrdom during the same persecution, viz.Jocundus ,Saturninus ,Artaius , andQuintus .He also saw in this vision Bishop
Optatus of Carthage and the priestAspasius , who besought the martyrs to arrange a reconciliation between them. Meanwhile, the birthday of Emperor Geta approached, on which occasion the condemned Christians were to fight with wild beasts in the military games; they were therefore transferred to the prison in the camp.St. Perpetua had another significant vision as well, which repeated the first. In this vision, Perpetua saw a ladder leading to heaven. At the bottom of the ladder was a serpent, attacking the Christians trying to climb the latter to heaven. From this vision Perpetua claimed that she would have to fight Satan rather than just the beast of the arena. Furthermore, she learned that she would not be defeated in her quest and was defiantly confident.Pudens, who was their gaoler, had come to respect his charges, and he permitted other Christians to visit them. Perpetua's father was also admitted and made another fruitless attempt to dissuade her from her impending matyrdom.
Secundulus died in prison. Felicitas, who was eight months pregnant, was apprehensive that she would not be permitted to suffer martyrdom with the others, since the law forbade the execution of pregnant women, but two days before the games she gave birth to a daughter, who was adopted by a Christian woman. On the day of the games, the five were led into the amphitheatre. At the demand of the crowd they were first scourged; then a boar, a bear, and a leopard, were set on the men, and a wild bull on the women. Wounded by the wild animals, they gave each other the
kiss of peace and were then put to the sword. "But Perpetua, that she might have some taste of pain, was pierced between the bones and shrieked out; and when the swordsman's hand wandered still (for he was a novice), herself set it upon her own neck. Perchance so great a woman could not else have been slain (being feared of the unclean spirit) had she not herself so willed it." So end the "Acta".Their bodies were interred at
Carthage .Veneration
In Carthage a magnificent
basilica was afterwards erected over the tomb of the martyrs, the Basilica Majorum, where an ancient inscription bearing the names of Perpetua and Felicitas has been found.Saints Felicitas and Perpetua (mentioned in that order) are two of seven women commemorated by name in the second part of the
Canon of the Mass . TheBlessed Virgin Mary is commemorated in the first part.The
feast day of Saints Perpetua and Felicitas,7 March , was celebrated even outside Africa, and is entered in the Philocalian Calendar, the fourth-century calendar of martyrs venerated publicly at Rome. When SaintThomas Aquinas was inserted into the Roman calendar, for celebration on the same day, the two African saints were thenceforth only commemorated. This was the situation in theTridentine Calendar established byPope Pius V and remained so until 1908, whenPope Pius X brought the date for celebrating them forward to6 March . [Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 89] In 1969,Pope Paul VI restored the date of their celebration to7 March . [Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 119]Traditionalist Catholic s still observe6 March as their feast, following a tradition of only 61 years' duration.Other Churches also, including the
Lutheran Church and the Episcopal Church, commemorate these two martyrs on7 March .Controversy over Dinocrates
The account of St. Perpetua comforting her dead brother has been a point of controversy. The text gives no indication that the child had been baptized. Renatus used this account to bolster his claim that unbaptized infants could attain paradise, if not the kingdom of heaven. Augustine in turn proposed an explanation for how Dinocrates could have been baptized but later estranged from Christ by his
pagan father. [ [http://www.catholicfirst.com/thefaith/churchfathers/volume14/augustin1412.cfm Church Fathers Volume 14 Augustin ] ]In popular culture
The once-flowering rambling rose "Félicité et Perpétue" ("R. sempervirens" x 'Old Blush' [Its French equivalent name is R. 'Noisette'.] ) with palest pinks buds opening nearly white, was introduced by Robert Jacques [Robert Jacques was director of horticulture for King Louis-Philippe.] in 1828. [Marie-Thérèse Haudebourg, "Roses et jardins" Hachette, ISBN 2-01-236947-2, p.177] Two
historical fiction novel s have been written from the point of view of Perpetua. Amy Peterson's "Perpetua: A Bride, A Martyr, A Passion" (ISBN 978-0972927642) was published in 2004, and Malcolm Lyon's "The Bronze Ladder" (ISBN 978-1905237517) in 2006.Bibliography
*Rex Butler: "The New Prophecy and "New Visions": Evidence of Montanism in the Passion of Saints Perpetua and Felicitas": Washington DC: Catholic University of America Press: 2006: ISBN 0-8132-1455-6
*Sara Maitland (introduction): "The Martyrdom of Perpetua": Evesham: Arthur James: 1996: ISBN 0-85305-352-9
*Edward Nolan: "Cry Out and Write: A Feminine Poetics of Revelation": New York: Continuum: 1994: ISBN 0-8264-0684-X
*Cecil Robeck: "Prophecy in Carthage: Perpetua, Tertullian and Cyprian": Cleveland: Pilgrim Press: 1992: ISBN 0-8298-0924-4
*Joyce Salisbury: "Perpetua's Passion": New York: Routledge: 1997:ISBN 0-415-91837-5
*Marie-Luise Von Franz: "The Passion of Perpetua: A Psychological Interpretation of Her Visions:" Toronto: Inner City Books: 2004: ISBN 1-894574-11-7
References
External links
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0972927646 "Perpetua: A Bride, A Martyr, A Passion"] : "Novel Incorporating the Majority of Her Historical Diary"]
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/perpetua.html "Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicity"]
*CathEncy|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06029a.htm|title=Sts. Felicitas and Perpetua
* [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/actsperpetua.html Early Christian Writings: "Acts of Perpetua"]
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/perpetua.html Medieval Sourcebook: "The Passion of Saints Perpetua and Felicity"]
* [http://www.ccel.org/w/wace/biodict/htm/iii.xvi.xlix.htm Henry Wace, "A Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D." 1911]
* [http://www.catholic-forum.com/saintS/saintf55.htm Patron Saints Index: "St. Felicity"]
* [http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0307.htm#perp 7 St. Patrick's Church: March 7 saints]
* [http://www.thebronzeladder.com Historical novel: "The Bronze Ladder"]
* [http://www.io.com/~kellywp/LesserFF/Mar/Perpetua.html Episcopal Church Lectionary: Lessons for the Feast of Perpetua and Felicity]
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