Pomace

Pomace
Pomace in a bladder press. These are Chardonnay grapes left over after pressing.

Pomace (play /ˈpʌməs/ pum-əs), or marc (/ˈmɑrk/; from French marc [maʀ]), is the solid remains of grapes, olives, or other fruit after pressing for juice or oil. It contains the skins, pulp, seeds, and stems of the fruit.

Grape pomace has traditionally been used to produce pomace brandy (such as grappa or zivania) and grape seed oil. Today, it is mostly used as fodder or fertilizer.

Contents

History

“Pomace” is derived from the Latin “pomum” (fruit and fruit tree).[1] The English were the first to use the term “pomace” to refer to the byproduct of cider production.[2]

In the Middle Ages, pomace wine with a low alcohol content of three or four percent was widely available. This faux wine was made by adding water to pomace and then fermenting it. Generally, medieval wines were not fermented to dryness; consequently the pomace would retain some residual sugar after fermenting.

Piquette

The Ancient Greeks and Romans used pomace to create a wine that later became known as piquette. This was an inferior wine that was normally given to slaves and common workers.

After the wine grapes had been pressed twice, the pomace was soaked in water for a day and pressed for a third time. The resulting liquid was mixed with more water to produce a thin, weak wine.[3]

Uses

Apple pomace is often used to produce pectin and can be used to make ciderkin, a weak cider.

Grape pomace is used to produce pomace brandy and piquette. Most wine-producing cultures began making some type of pomace brandy after the principles of distillation were understood.

Winemaking

Pomace in winemaking differs, depending upon whether white wine or red wine is being produced.

In red wine production, pomace is produced after the free run juice (the juice created before pressing by the weight of gravity) is poured off, leaving behind dark blackish-red debris consisting of grape skins, stems. The color of red wine is derived from skin contact during the maceration period, which sometimes includes partial fermentation. The resulting pomace is more alcoholic and tannic than pomace produced from white wine production.

In white wine production, grapes are quickly pressed after crushing to avoid skin contact with pomace as a byproduct of the pressing. The resulting debris is a pale, greenish-brown color and contains more residual sugars than it contains tannins and alcohol. This is the pomace normally used in brandy production.[2]

Other uses

Grape pomace from wineries in the Barossa Valley, South Australia. Top, white grape pomace; bottom, red grape pomace.

Pomace is produced in large quantities in wine production, with disposal an important environmental consideration. Some wineries reuse the material as fertilizer, while others are exploring options such as selling it to biogas companies for renewable energy. As envisioned, pomace would be introduced into anaerobic digesters that contain microorganisms that aid in its decomposition and produce methane gas that could be combusted to generate power.[4]

Studies have also shown that specific polyphenols in red wine pomace may be beneficial for dental hygiene. A study conducted at the Eastman Dental Center found that these polyphenols interfere with Streptococcus mutans, the bacteria in the mouth that causes tooth decay. Professor Hyun Koo, the lead researcher of the study, hopes to isolate these polyphenols to produce new mouthwashes that will help protect against cavities.[5]

A 2004 study conducted by Erciyes University in Turkey found that pomace can also act as a natural food preservative that interferes with E. coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus bacteria. Researchers used the dried pomace from the white Turkish wine grape Emir Karasi and red Kalecik Karasi to produce a powder that was mixed with ethyl acetate, methanol or water and exposed to 14 different types of food bacteria. The results showed that all 14 bacteria were inhibited to some degree by the pomace—depending on the grape variety and the concentration of the extract. The red wine grape Kalecik Karasi was shown to be the most effective; the study researchers believed this was due to the higher concentration of polyphenols in red wine grape skins.[6]

Oenocyanin, a natural red dye and food-coloring agent, is produced from grape pomace. Some companies also recover tartrates (potassium bitartrate, 'cream of tartar') and grape polyphenols from grape pomace.[2]

See also

References

  1. ^ Cfr. Latin dictionaries. V.gr. “Diccionario ilustrado latino-español”, Editorial de las publicaciones Spes y Vox. 6ª ed. , Barcelona, 1969 ad voces “pomum” and “malum”
  2. ^ a b c Robinson, Jancis (ed.) (2006). The Oxford Companion to Wine (Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 534–535. ISBN 0198609906. 
  3. ^ Robinson, Jancis (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Wine (Third ed.). p. 532. 
  4. ^ "GrapeVine". Wine Spectator: 16. Jan. 31–Feb. 29, 2008. http://www.winespectator.com/magazine/show/id/12391. 
  5. ^ "Red-wine waste can check cavities". The Times of India. Asian News International. January 3, 2008. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Red-wine_waste_can_check_cavities/articleshow/2671985.cms. 
  6. ^ Gaffney, Jacob (September 23, 2004). "What a Waste! Grape Pomace Kills Food-Spoiling Bacteria". Wine Spectator. http://www.winespectator.com/webfeature/show/id/What-a-Waste-Grape-Pomace-Kills-Food-Spoiling-Bacteria_3402. 

Further reading


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Look at other dictionaries:

  • Pomace — Pom ace (?; 277), n. [L. ponum a fruit, LL., an apple: cf. LL. pomagium, pomacium.] The substance of apples, or of similar fruit, crushed by grinding. [1913 Webster] …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • pomace — [pum′is] n. [ML pomacium, cider < L pomum, fruit (in VL, apple)] 1. the crushed pulp of apples or other fruit pressed for juice 2. the crushed matter of anything pressed, as seed for oil …   English World dictionary

  • pomace — мезга pomace disintegrator машина для разрыхления мезги pomace cap punching сбивание шапки мезги …   English-Russian travelling dictionary

  • Pomace brandy — is a liquor distilled from pomace. Examples include the Croatian / Montenegrin / Serbian lozovača (loza), Cypriot zivania, French marc, Georgian chacha, German Tresterbrand, Greek tsipouro, Hungarian törköly, Italian grappa, Bulgarian grozdova,… …   Wikipedia

  • pomace fly — noun any of numerous small insects whose larvae feed on fruits • Syn: ↑fruit fly • Hypernyms: ↑dipterous insect, ↑two winged insects, ↑dipteran, ↑dipteron • Hyponyms: ↑ …   Useful english dictionary

  • pomace-fly — pomˈace fly noun A fruit fly (genus Drosophila) • • • Main Entry: ↑pomace …   Useful english dictionary

  • pomace — noun Etymology: Middle English pomys, probably from Medieval Latin pomacium cider, from Late Latin pomum apple, from Latin, fruit Date: 15th century 1. the dry or pulpy residue of material (as fruit, seeds, or fish) from which a liquid (as juice… …   New Collegiate Dictionary

  • pomace — /pum is, pom /, n. 1. the pulpy residue from apples or similar fruit after crushing and pressing, as in cider making. 2. any crushed or ground, pulpy substance. [1545 55; perh. < ML pomacium cider, deriv. of L pomum fruit; see POME] * * * …   Universalium

  • pomace — noun the pulp that remains after a fruit has been pressed to extract the juice (or a nut etc has been pressed to extract the oil) …   Wiktionary

  • Pomace — The mash left after apples had been crushed in the making of cider. [< Fr. pomme = an apple] Cf. Pollard …   Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases

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